← Back to worksheet

References & Attribution

This worksheet is an educational tool that draws on the published avalanche-science and observation standards below. Terminology, codes, and frameworks belong to their respective authors and organizations; this project is not affiliated with or endorsed by them. Please consult the primary sources for authoritative definitions.

Conceptual Model of Avalanche Hazard (CMAH)

Basis for the hazard chart, likelihood (sensitivity × distribution), and the hazard-vs-danger distinction.

Snow, Weather and Avalanche Guidelines (SWAG)

American Avalanche Association observation standards — weather/snowpack codes, D & R size, avalanche occurrence codes.

North American Public Avalanche Danger Scale (NAPADS)

The 5-level danger scale and its official colors used in the danger rose and rating.

Avalanche problems, likelihood & size

Problem/character types, sensitivity to triggers, spatial distribution, and the D / R size scales.

Decision-making

Strategic Mindset terms used in the Risk Assessment section.

PM / evening workflow

Field record → operational record → forecast verification → debrief flow.

Canadian standards (origin reference)

This worksheet was adapted from a Canadian guiding-firm AM form; these are the corresponding CAA standards.